Shuzworld Company

Workflow at Shuzworld (Discussion and Recommendations) Shuzworld’s case embraces the aspects of workflow. This section of the paper discusses the workflow provisions and provides appropriate recommendations applicable in this context.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Shuzworld Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This will ensure credible workflow augmentation in the Shuzworld Company with specific reference to Chinese plants. For example, the workflow in the production system is not efficient enough to serve growing demands for several types of shoes globally. It is notable that the company takes nearly 46 minutes to produce one Rugged Wear Workboots product. There are recommendation on how this timeframe can be reduced (per process) to ensure efficiency, quality, and enhanced output. Workflow recommendations and Justifications Firstly, it is recommendable for the company to use sound management princi ples and decision analysis in order to make sense of the available options. Although it is impossible to merge some of the processes due to protocol disparities, it is recommendable to restructure the production line as Catherine Pang drew it on the white board. The company will save time and money as demanded by any proficient workflow. This is a critical provision when considered critically. It is notable that the workflow can either proceed to B or C after passing through process A. Process E and F can also be selected for viability and time factor. Supportively, Shuzworld should use process ACDEGH, which will consume only 36 minutes instead of the current 46 minutes. Thus, it is appropriate to assert that the company should restructure its production line/processes as shown the subsequent output forms. Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Shuzworld’s Rugged Wear Wo rkboot Assembly Schedule Task Prospected time after merging (Minutes) Predecessors A 10 None C 3 A D 8 C E 3 D G 3 E H 9 G TOTAL 36 Another recommendation is that the company can increase the number of its workstations within china in order to curb the workflow challenges. Additionally, it can purchase more machines that will be able to handle numerous tasks simultaneously. Relying on fewer machines might distract the production system especially when one machine breaks down. Another recommendation is for the company to hire proficient and reliable workforce capable of operating the machines faster and accurately. This will help in enhancing the workflow and other related concerns. Additionally, Shuzworld ought to improve the efficiency of its plants by enhancing competence and providing the correct number of workstations. The company should also schedule the production of new products coherently in order to enhance the workflow. It is also important to enhance t he reliability of the three machines meant to produce casual deck shoes. One production process should not interfere with others. Notably, the company has been grappling with the reliability of machines. If one machine breaks down, the production is highly affected. Indeed, no shoes are produced if one machine has a problem. Therefore, there is the need for the company to improve the reliability of the machines in the plant by acquiring other reliable ones. These should be put on standby waiting to replace the broken ones. This will obviously enhance operations and the ultimate output of the concerned operators. Alternatively, the company can hire new employees, train them appropriately, and nurture their workmanship in order to enhance the workflow, productivity, and profitability of the company. This decision will reduce delays, lower labor costs and improved output.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Shuzworld Company specifically for you for only $1 6.05 $11/page Learn More With regard to frequent machine breakdowns, the company can acquire new machine models or hire qualified machine repairers then distribute them to different plants for reliability and efficiency. Another recommendation is to assign operators on jobs they know best. Instead of having four operators, whose labor costs shift from one process to another, the company can facilitate the specialization of employees on single jobs. For instance, job machine operator C ought to handle process 1 owing to reduced amounts of costs. Indeed, the company can save at least $3 dollars in this process. Second, Machine operator B ought to handle process 2 due to the cost efficiency as well. Process 3 should be the work machine operator D while the last process should be the work of operator A. Job Machine Operator A B C D 1 $10 $12 $10 $11 2 11 9 11 11 3 9 8 11 9 4 10 8 9 10 Justification Output By improving the company’s workflow, the co mpany will increase its output. At the outset, there will be an apparent and a marginal reduction of labor costs ($4) associated with machine operators. Besides, specialization improves the quality and the flow of work due to the improved skills for the specialists as depicted by Ryan (2009). Second, the company will also enhance its ability to meet its customers’ needs without having by increasing its machines and hiring some skilled professionals. Although the company will incur significant costs by hiring more laborers to handle the new sandal line, it will break even within the second month of operation. Therefore, no customers will be waiting in the line. Below is the output form after the required changes. Copy of the prospected output Task Prospected time after merging (Minutes) Predecessors A 10 None C 3 A D 8 C E 3 D G 3 E H 9 G TOTAL 36 Output for machine operators Job Preferred operator Cost 1 A $10 2 D $11 3 B 8 4 C 9 Work Flow A nalysis Tool The Shuzwolrd case demand a viable workflow analysis tool, which addresses all the issues fronted to the new employee ranging from the assembly line issues to inventory challenges. The decision analysis tool was chosen because it was comprehensive and could tackle all the issue that faces the company. Additionally, it could give quick and well-analyzed resolutions to the issue faced within the company and the industry at large. Concurrently, the tool could be used specifically in some areas to address particular issues raised by Cynthia Crowninshield, Alistair Wu, Catherine Pang, and Gloria Rodriguez among others.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For example, when analyzing the mall store sales, the tool can prefers on employing one efficient cashier for cost effectiveness. Another reason behind this choice is the ability to attain precise decisions on critical matters. It is important to claim that the analysis tool used in scrutinizing the mentioned workflow and other relevant provision is viable, feasible, and applicable in various contexts. It is from this concern that the entire workflow concerns rest. Precisely, the tool used is practicable, considerable and comprehensible indicating its applicability in this context. This is an important consideration. Cost Analysis Analysis of the initial and ongoing costs The entire costs that the company incurs include the costs associated with inefficiencies evident in highlighted workflow analysis ranging from assembly line issues to transportation factors among other provisions. The Maui Sandal Project presents the company with a huge opportunity to improve its global appeal and ultimately its revenues. The production costs of women’s shoes are quite varying. This depends on the four machine operators with regard to which job type each one of them assumes (Fischer, 2008). It is important to assign each operator on a job, which he does best. This will help in reducing the costs indicated upon analysis. Additionally, the transportation costs assumed by each plant while serving each of the three warehouses vary considerably. It is notable from analysis that the cost incurred by Shuzworld F (on a per unit basis) is higher when shipping products to warehouse 3 ($6 per unit). Nonetheless, it is cheaper to move from Shuzworld F to warehouse 1 ($2 per unit). Concurrently, the Shanghai plant incurs a considerable cost when transporting products to warehouse 1 ($4 per unit). It is crucial to note that the three plants can reassign their operations such that each plant ships its products to less costly destinations. Additionally, the plan by the Shanghai plant to increase its capacity from 1300 units to 2800 units translates to additional costs despite the benefits. Nonetheless, demand for more products has not increased as stated by Alistair Wu. The inventory costs are equally infuriating. Shuzworld utilizes 300,000 pairs of shoelaces annually. The cost is estimated at $125 each time an order is made to the supplier. Since the cost of storing shoelaces in inventory is 10 cents a pair, it is improper to stock or purchase more than necessary. This is costly for no apparent reasons. The company will also have to incur set up costs since the batches of sandals will have to begin after setting up the machines. Besides, the costs of designing the efficient processes that will oversee the production of singular units notwithstanding the pairs of sandals that is in a batch (Sharp McDermott, 2011). The costs in this case are able to enhance sustainability of the sandals. It is also important to notice that the company may also have to incur ove rhead costs associated with acquisition or maintenance of machines. These are output related costs since the efficiency of machines changes with the number of sandals that they produce. Finally, the company also ought to contend with costs associated with management of the plant, renting the plant and insuring the plant against various risks. These costs aim at sustaining the plant to enhance predictable and sustainable production of sandals. Impacts The impacts of the above costs are numerous and devastating to the wellbeing of the business. Huge costs reduce profitability and expansion of the company. The production of new Maui sandals is costly and this might affect the continuity of its production. It is important to consider this provision in a critical context. Pang clears her throat and then begins. Based on the experience of the company with previous new lines of footwear, it is estimated that first batch will take 1,000 labor hours to produce. Concurrently, the costs on an hourly rate average US$1.08. This is quite expensive and might affect the company negatively if the prospected sales are not realized. Based on the above analysis of the cost that could accrue the company, certain decisions will prove important before embarking on a fully-fledged production of Maui Sandals. Its impacts are devastating to the company despite the prospected benefits. All these should be informed by existence of demand for Maui Sandals. Besides, the company will have to invest on more machines, warehousing facilities, and shipping requirements. These are additional costs to the company that operates against the production of the new product lines. Additionally, it will force the company to enhance its marketing strategies (hence impact on costs) without which, competitors will dominate the footwear market despite the expenses that Shuzworld will incur. Cost Analysis Tool The choice for the cost analysis tool used in this context lied on its viability with regard to thi s case study. Firstly, the current challenges facing the company call for viable, stringent, and prospective decisions in the Shuzworld context. The tool is capable of addressing the assembly line issues, production challenges, soaring operational costs, reliability challenges, inventory challenges, customer service standards, and other viable organizational provisions. Since the company battles issues related to costs in the realms of machine operators, turnaround times, inventory challenges with regard to shoe laces, and shipping costs to the three operational warehouses, the analysis tool is obviously appropriate in this context. There are numerous provisions emerging from the cost analysis of Shuzworld. These provisions have necessitated the use of appropriate analytical tools as indicated before. The reasons lie on the applicability, appropriateness, and relevancy of the method used to the aspects of modernity and precision. Staffing Plan Recommendation Staffing Plan for Job Ma chine Operators Apparently, there is the need to have a staffing plan for job machine operators and the four assignments given to the new employee in the Strategic Planning department. This is in lieu of the truth that there is the requirement of skilled operators to meet the demand for women shoes. Currently, the four operators complete same task at different times. It is therefore possible to staff the plant to have uniform and predictable completion time and task (Sharp McDermott, 2011). Gruber (2003) explicates that finding the accurate number of staff can assist an organization to avoid unnecessary overhead expenses. Hiring so many workers may prove unfruitful and cost ineffective while too few laborers may become unproductive due to stress and overwork. To strike a balance, a staffing plan is important especially in Shanghai where the line manager attests that it would cost reduced amount of money if specialization were to take place. First, it is advisable to comprehend the current workforce’s productivity. This will entail keeping the right records of all the machine operators and understand the most productive. Besides, the company should be ready and willing to develop plans to train the workers. Friedman (2005) says that this will go a long way in ensuring that the manager is able to identify the bottlenecks of the entire footwear production system. Using the available statistics regarding the workers ability to fulfill specific task will help the line manager to get a glimpse of the average output of the workers. At Shanghai, the average number of footwear produced by worker should assist the manager to understand the entire work. Another factor that could influence the number of machine operators is the peak and low seasons. In particular, when the numbers of women footwear that require particular skills is high and when it is low. Given that the manager now understands the average output of workers, the next stop would be to calculate the requirements of labor and the exact number of workers that would cater for the needs of the customers during both the low and peak season (Sharp McDermott, 2011). In this case, it is important to retain those workers whose productivity is unquestionable. This assists the company to avoid overhead costs that result from training new employees. At this point, Shanghai plant should not consider increasing the number of machine operators since the current customers are very few for the company to hire more laborers. In case of a boom in the number of orders, it is advisable that the company should be able to contract new workers to deal with temporary increase of demand for footwear (Sharp McDermott, 2011). The recommendations applicable in this context regard the four machine operators and the four assignments given to the new employee in the Strategic Planning department. Firstly, for the company to enhance its output and efficiency, machine operator who work faster at a limited co st for a given job task should be allowed to only specialize in such tasks. For example, operator A can specialize in job 3 where he is efficient, operator B can go for job 2 while operator C and D can either go for job 1 or 4 as indicated on the table. Another recommendation is that the company should hire proficient machine operators to save time and cost. Additionally, new and efficient machines should be bought or some complex jobs can be outsourced. It is important for the plant to increase the efficiency of the workers within the plant. This will enhance the reduction of already many processes in the production of such products as the new sandal line. Besides, the plant ought to consider recruiting new laborers in the long-term to assist in the maintenance of machines as well as production of specific lines of production. The assembly lines should be adequately and appropriately staffed in order to enhance efficiency within the plants. Appropriateness will also help in meeting the inventory challenges noticed within the organization. Staffing Plan Output An evident output of the staffing plan is improved skills, efficiency, appropriateness, novelty, and creativity in the company. As mentioned earlier, to enhance effectiveness of the machine operators, the line manager should encourage specialization (Friedman, 2005). After the implementation of the plan, the company should be able to save at least 256. 28 hours that had initially been lost due to inefficiencies of machine operators. In addition, Shuzworld will reduce the labor costs in the long term due to deployment of new and highly skilled labor costs. Specialization and breaking down the tasks to suit each employee could reduce the company’s current inefficiencies. Additionally, the output of the factories will increase as indicated below. This is contrary to the initial figures. Additionally, there will be improvement on the efficiency of machine operators if the trends are changed. Factor y Capacity Warehouse Requirements Shanghai 1600 1 2500 Shuzworld H 3200 2 1500 Shuzworld F 3000 3 1800 Totals 7800 4 5800 Short-Term Scheduling Techniques Scheduling techniques provides the company with the demanded coherency in its endeavors. It is important to schedule the activities of the production systems in Shuzworld. As a short-term measure, the company should adopt an activity network technique in order to recognize the full efficiency of the project. This scheduling technique is also referred to as Project Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) and it facilitates an organization’s ability to comprehend the bottlenecks and different sources of operational problems (Sharp McDermott, 2011). The technique is typical of a network of activities that a company would wish to complete given a specific timeframe. Shuzworld has myriads of activities in different plants that require to be completed under specified time. The company should therefore prioritize the ac tivities and the order for completion of a specified task. In addition, it should highlight the variables and risk factors that may present a challenge to the completion of a task (Monahan, 2000). When scheduling, activity network ought to be presented in a graphical way and may be an easy way for managers to pin point ineffectiveness of a system The activity network includes diagrams consisting of circles. The circles represent the activities such production of new sandal lines and subsequent time that the product would realized (Fischer, 2008). Connecting the circles are lines that depict the tasks and are identified in accordance with their respective timeframes. Shuzworld therefore stands to benefit from such a schedule in that; it will be able to identify the critical path in which an activity can be completed most efficiently. In other words, critical path is the longest path in the network and it implies that a problem in a specific line of production will ultimately cause a delay and an increase in the duration of critical deadline (Friedman, 2005). This means that the project will therefore be poised to delay substantially. As such, all tasks that fall in the critical path should receive attention and be evaluated frequently to improve their effectiveness. References Fischer, L. (2008). Excellence in Practice: Innovation and Excellence in Workflow and Business Process Management. New York, NY: McGraw Hill Publishers. Friedman, T. (2005). The World Is Flat: A Brief History of the Twenty-first Century. New York, NY: Straus Giroux Press. Gruber, W. (2003). Modeling and Transformation of Workflows with Temporal Constraints. Birmingham: IOS Press. Monahan, G. (2000). Management Decision Making. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Ryan, K. (2009). Business Process Management (BPM) Standards: A Survey. London: Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Sharp, A. McDermott, P. (2011). Workflow Modeling. Massachusetts, MA: Artech House Publishers. This essay on Shuzworld Company was written and submitted by user Laylah Reilly to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

College Admission Essay Samples Ideas - Ideas You Can Use

College Admission Essay Samples Ideas - Ideas You Can UseIt can be difficult to come up with a unique college admission essay samples ideas. You may need to come up with something creative or unique, but you can't just forget to be original. You don't want your student to feel like your idea of an essay is the same as theirs.So here are a few ideas to help you get started when coming up with a unique essay. Use these tips when coming up with new essay samples ideas.If you have a pet, how about writing about it? If you love dogs, why not write about dog day care centers or pet adoption centers? If you love the outdoors, why not talk about your favorite outdoor activity?If you've never written a classic college essay before, don't worry. You can do this. Just make sure you stay within your capacity and don't overdo it. Think of a phrase or statement from your favorite book, movie, or song and say it without using the words to describe it, but instead put it in your own words.Something else that will help you with your college admission essay samples ideas is to write in an easy conversational tone. Don't use technical vocabulary when talking about your subject. Instead, try saying what you have been thinking about and keep your sentences short and simple.Also, don't get bogged down with your college admission essay samples ideas if you are not going to use them. So write one of those essay samples without any specific essay topic. Just have a general overview of your qualifications.Your point may be to relate something personal to your background or your experiences to help you connect with the reader. You want to have a good conversation with the reader, so it's okay to slip in a few details about yourself, but don't drag your reader along for the ride. Try these tips and we're sure you'll come up with a unique college admission essay samples ideas.

Free Essays on Effect Of Heredity And Environment

Effects of Heredity and Environment on individual Differences Most psychologists acknowledge that both heredity and environment are influential; the argument is over which factor is predominant The nature-nurture issue first became a controversy in the 1920's and the 1930's. Some psychologists felt that heredity was the primary, if not the sole, factor in the development of an individual. Others felt environment was the critical determining factor. As we saw in Unit One, this controversy is still unresolved. Still, most psychologists agree that some degree of interaction between heredity (nature) and environment (nurture) determines both physical and psychological development. In this module we will consider the relation of both factors to intelligence and behavior disorder. As you read the text, consider the following questions. Has heredity or environment made the greater contribution to your development? Are there any upper or lower limits of intellectual achievement? What research methods are used in heredity-environment studies? The interaction between heredity and environment can be studied by investigating families and persons who are related in various ways. Hereditary similarity is relatively well understood. A parent and child, for example, have 50% of their genes in common, but among siblings this may vary from 0 to 100% due to the random distribution of chromosomes. Identical twins have the same heredity; 100% of their chromosomes are alike. Environmental differences cannot be stated in such concrete terms. No two persons experience an identical environment. Very similar environments are usually experienced by same-sexed twins, whether identical or fraternal. Different-sexed twins, siblings, and parents all experience somewhat different environments, although these environments may be superficially similar. Occasionally, identical twins are reared apart. Then we have two people with identical here... Free Essays on Effect Of Heredity And Environment Free Essays on Effect Of Heredity And Environment Effects of Heredity and Environment on individual Differences Most psychologists acknowledge that both heredity and environment are influential; the argument is over which factor is predominant The nature-nurture issue first became a controversy in the 1920's and the 1930's. Some psychologists felt that heredity was the primary, if not the sole, factor in the development of an individual. Others felt environment was the critical determining factor. As we saw in Unit One, this controversy is still unresolved. Still, most psychologists agree that some degree of interaction between heredity (nature) and environment (nurture) determines both physical and psychological development. In this module we will consider the relation of both factors to intelligence and behavior disorder. As you read the text, consider the following questions. Has heredity or environment made the greater contribution to your development? Are there any upper or lower limits of intellectual achievement? What research methods are used in heredity-environment studies? The interaction between heredity and environment can be studied by investigating families and persons who are related in various ways. Hereditary similarity is relatively well understood. A parent and child, for example, have 50% of their genes in common, but among siblings this may vary from 0 to 100% due to the random distribution of chromosomes. Identical twins have the same heredity; 100% of their chromosomes are alike. Environmental differences cannot be stated in such concrete terms. No two persons experience an identical environment. Very similar environments are usually experienced by same-sexed twins, whether identical or fraternal. Different-sexed twins, siblings, and parents all experience somewhat different environments, although these environments may be superficially similar. Occasionally, identical twins are reared apart. Then we have two people with identical here...

State with reasons the aims which you consider are relevant for Essay

State with reasons the aims which you consider are relevant for present day education. What social factors are likely to influence learners' achievements of these aims - Essay Example The various aims could be identified and compartmentalized under the following heads: 1. Development of cognitive skills: When a child grows up into an adolescent and later on into an adult, it has to be gradually trained to observe and understand various things, principles and aspects of life. The environment teaches many things but if the learner is not properly trained to understand things in the proper perspective, then s/he is likely to misunderstand many principles which ultimately may have an adverse impact on the entire life. It is here that education steps in and assumes a responsible role of helping the learner to observe and understand things in the proper perspective. Under Instructional objectives in any learning exercise the " cognitive objectives assume primary significance and these comprise, i. Knowledge ii. Comprehension iii. Application iv. Analysis v. Synthesis and vi. Evaluation "2 ( Rashid,M 1999) The main perceptive skills of seeing, hearing, and feeling have to be gradually developed to a mature level of understanding to make the learner's jud gment faultless and worthwhile. The various subjects he studies at school, the various exercises he is put under and the instructions given by his teachers greatly help to hone the understanding skills. This helps him to perceive different stimuli properly and assimilate their import properly in his memory file, and for later reference and judgment. The periodical tests and examinations aim at evaluating how well the learner has been developing his cognitive skills so as to understand the issues involved in various problems and come up with acceptable, if not entirely ideal, solutions. If this aim of education is achieved, full credit can be given to such an education and the educators. 2. Development of analytical skills: At every point in a grown-up individual's life, whether he is an adolescent or an adult, he or she is called upon to take decisions on various issues, affecting their lives as well as those of others. Unless he takes the right decisions, his further actions cannot be expected to bear favourable results. More often than not, problems crop up in different places, mainly because some of the concerned individuals are not able to analyse problems correctly, with the result, they take wrong decisions which have an adverse impact on all persons concerned. This can be avoided only if all the persons associated with a problem have a fairly good ability to analyze things in the proper perspective and arrive at a reasonably good decisions. This is possible only when the education they had received had equipped them with proper skills to study things with patience and concentration so that they don't commit any error in understanding the issues involved. Obje ctive analytical skills is based mainly on one's ability to take in things as they are and start asking relevant questions which are likely to bring out more information concerning the issues. This way a proper understanding of the entire problem is ensured. Understanding paves the way for solutions in many problems. This is what education trains in individuals when it coaches the students with a variety of mathematical and scientific problems, which form the training ground for developing the problem solving skills to

Effects of Platelet-rich Plasma Injections Thesis

Effects of Platelet-rich Plasma Injections - Thesis Example History of Injury Most of the patients had missed at least one game or practice within the last year due to an elbow injury (93.8%) with only one individual making all their games and practices (Table 2). In addition the majority of patients reported diagnosis of a UCL injury, although four (25%) had been given no diagnosis. The diagnoses included tear to the UCL (83.3%), partial UCL tear (8.3%), stress fracture (8.3%) and torn flexor tendon (25%). Many individuals were diagnosed with multiple types of injuries; hence the percentages indicate what percentage of diagnosed patients had a particular type of injury. Treatments that had been taken for the injury varied across rest, therapy, steroid injection, PRP or surgery. All patients had been given PRP injections, as this was a criterion for inclusion in the study. In addition, each patient had used at least one other method, with one patient using all five types, and eight patients (50%) using all but steroid injection as a method of treatment. Rest and therapy were the most popular treatments aside from PRP, with 14 patients (87.5%) using rest as a method of treatment, and 15 (93.7%) reporting use of therapy. Surgery was also popular, with ten patients (62.5%) reporting using surgery as a treatment for their UCL injury. Most patients had a single PRP injection, with only one patient having two and one having three. Time from the PRP injection to first picking up a baseball to throw ranged from two weeks to 16, with an average of 7.3 weeks. Patients were asked to give level of pain on a scale of 0-10 both before the PRP injection and the first time they picked up the baseball to pitch following the injection. The average score before the injection was 3.6, while afterwards it was 6.6. A total of 11 patients (68.8%) reported decrease in pain between before the PRP injection, and the first time they picked up the ball afterwards, four (25%) reported an increase in pain, while one did not give a pain level for after PRP injection. The result for the individual that did not give a pain level can be disregarded for this calculation, making the total proportion of patients that reported a decrease in pain to be 73.3%, and the proportion that reported an increase in pain to be 26.7%. There was some correlat ion between level of pain and weeks recovery time, but not in all cases (Figure 1). Figure 1: This graph shows the level of reported pain per patient compared with the number of weeks of recovery before they picked up the ball to pitch. Reported complications were relatively low, with only three patients (18.8%) reporting a long term increase in pain following the treatment, one (6.25%) reporting tingling or numbness, one (6.25%) reporting increased pressure and tightness, and four (25%) reporting decreased mobility in their elbow. Satisfaction with the PRP treatment was given on a scale of 0 to ten, with an average of 6.8. However, the average does not give the true picture, as responses were dichotomous, with most patients being either highly happy

Legalized gambling Essay Example for Free

Legalized gambling Essay The Economic Impacts of Legalized Gambling Introduction The effect of gambling on the standard of living will be pronounced if the gambling activity is regressive, meaning that the rate of participation (as a percentage of income) declines as people earn higher incomes. In other words, if most gamblers are poor, then gambling is more likely to affect the standard of living among the poor. One study showed many forms of gambling to be regressive. Impact on Surrounding Communities Much of the economic research investigating the ancillary economic benefits of casinos has focused on riverboat casinos. Riverboat casinos are a uniquely American establishment. They began operating in Iowa in 1991 and quickly expanded throughout the Midwest. By 1998, over 40 riverboat casinos were in operation in Illinois, Indiana, Missouri, and Iowa. 2 Nearly 50 riverboat and dockside casinos were in Louisiana and Mississippi (NGISC, 1999). There does not appear to be empirical evidence of economic growth as a result of the expansion of riverboat casinos. In terms of generating local tourism, riverboats seem to have been most successful in places such as Galena, Illinois, where the tourism industry was already established. Case studies suggest that the bulk of patrons of riverboat casinos are day-trippers who spend virtually no time at local non-gambling establishments (NGISC, 1999). There, thus, appear to be few, if any, positive economic spillovers to the local hotel or restaurant industry. In support of the cannibalization hypothesis, Siegel and Anders (1999) provide empirical evidence that riverboat gambling in Missouri led to a displacement of revenue from industries that constitute substitutes for gaming activity, such as entertainment and recreation services. 3 Evans and Topoleski (2002) conduct a rigorous examination of the economic and monetary impacts of Indian casinos for both Indian tribes themselves and surrounding communities. Impact on Native American Tribes An explicit goal of the IGRA was to promote tribal economic development, self-sufficiency, and strong tribal governments. Tribes frequently refer to casinos as the new buffalo, meaning the new source of economic sustenance for their communities. The tribes point to repaired infrastructure; diversifying economies; rising employment; augmented health, housing, education, and monetary budgets; greater indigenous language retention; and generally renewed community vitality (Taylor, Krepps, and Wang, 2000). Evans and Topoleski (2002) find that four years after tribes open casinos, tribal population is up by 12 percent and tribal employment has increased by 26 percent, resulting in an increase in tribal employment-to-population ratios of five percentage points (12 percent). Because the current program seems to be generating jobs does not necessarily mean that granting reservations a monopoly in a particular industry is a desirable policy. 9 Impact on Public Revenue Casino businesses are subject to taxation and, therefore, have a direct impact on public revenue. Maximum tax rates on gross gaming revenues in American casinos range from 6. 25 percent in Nevada to 35 percent in Illinois. Taxes on casinos are not an important source of public sector revenues for most states in the United States; only Nevada is heavily dependent on tax revenue from casino gaming. Non-Indian casinos paid over two billion dollars in taxes to states on gaming revenues in 1997, compared to state lottery revenues of approximately ten billion dollars in the same year (Eadington, 1999, p. 187). By law, states cannot tax the profits of tribal businesses. But in some states (e. g. , Connecticut, Michigan, Wisconsin, California, and New Mexico), tribes have agreed to make annual payments to state governments. These fees are typically payments for the monopoly rights the state have granted the tribe to provide certain forms of gambling. In 2003, tribes contributed over $759 million to state and local governments via various forms of revenue-sharing (Meister, 2004, p. 1). Table 2 lists tribal contributions to state and local governments by state. As shown, there is tremendous variability across states. The two tribes that operate Mohegan Sun and Foxwoods in Connecticut alone account for over half of these payments. 10 Casinos might indirectly affect public revenue as well. Insofar as casinos generate additional business income, they might indirectly increase other forms of tax revenue. Insofar as they cannibalize sales from other businesses, they might decrease net tax revenue. Anders, Siegel, and Yacoub (1998) find that as a result of the introduction of two Indian casinos into Maricopa County, Arizona in 1993, employment and retail sales in the restaurant and bar sectors declined. Popp and Stehwien (2002) estimate a similar model to examine the effect of New Mexicos 11 Indian casinos on gross state tax receipts using quarterly data from 1990 to 1997. They also find a negative effect of Indian casinos on state sales tax revenuesthe introduction of a single Indian casino is found to be associated with a one percent decrease in county tax revenues, but the introduction of a second Indian casino in the county if found to reduce sales tax revenue by more than six percent. While suggestive, these analyses are limited in scope and their results do not necessarily generalize to the experiences of other states. Additional research on the link between casino gambling and state sales tax revenue is warranted. Casinos could also cannibalize sales from state lottery operations. Three studies offer evidence suggesting that they do. Siegel and Anders (2001) investigate the relationship between Indian casinos and state lottery revenue in Arizona. The authors empirical analysis finds that a ten percent increase in the number of slot machines is associated with a 2. 8 percent decline in lottery sales. Elliott and Navin (2002) examine the impact that the introduction of riverboat casinos between 1989 to 1995 has on state lottery sales. They find that riverboat gambling expenditures have a negative and statistically significant impact on state lottery revenues. Fink and Rork (2003) build on this work by examining data on 48 states from 1988 to 2000 and using actual tax receipts from all forms of commercial casinos. Also, like Elliott and Navin (2002), the authors perform a Heckman two-step selection correction, but in the first stage, the authors model the adoption of a commercial casino, rather than the adoption of a state lottery. Their analysis finds a strong cannibalization of state net lottery revenue by commercial casino tax revenue. Specifically, they find that an increase of one dollar in commercial casino revenues reduces net lottery revenues by $0. 56. Economic Impacts on States Casinos are good business, say their proponents. Case studies show that legal casino gaming can increase tourism, employment, sales of noncasino goods, and tax revenues. In Nevada, gaming employs 211,000, or 24. 41 percent of the workforce. Direct annual state gaming taxes total over $500 million, or more than 42 percent of the state budget. In contrast, the cost to regulate the gaming industry was less than $21 million. Las Vegas alone attracts thirty million visitors annually. New Jersey, the second state since 1931 to legalize casino gaming, also realizes significant revenues. In 1996, total direct tax revenues were over $232 million. Since casino gamblings inception, the state has realized $3 billion in direct taxes and millions more in property and luxury taxes. Gaming has resulted in 91,600 direct and indirect jobs, and community reinvestment money from casinos has totaled about $500 million. In South Dakota, the government predicted that it would generate $1 million in tax revenues in the first year of operation. From November 1989 to August 31. 1990, the City of Deadwood alone received more than $4. 3 million in taxes. Taxable sales increased 41 percent in the first year of operation. Tourism increased 300 percent. In this formerly depressed area, the casinos created more jobs than there are residents. Consequently, some workers must commute from surrounding communities. Perhaps the greatest beneficiaries of casinos have been some Native American tribes. While previously plagued by high unemployment, poor medical care, poor infrastructure, and other problems, many reservations now enjoy employment, job training, new schools, new hospitals, and college scholarships, all provided by casino gambling. Some tribes have wisely invested their revenues in new businesses that are not casino-related to provide diversity and a new economic base. Effects of Gambling on Local Economies Gambling has expanded at all levels and has even brought a rise in attendance at church bingo games. The new gambling outlets were impressive for their variety: electronic slot machines in rural South Dakota bars; imitation Wild West casinos in old Colorado mining towns; riverboats along the Mississippi River, from the distressed industrial communities of Iowa to the Gulf of Mexico; and gambling establishments on Indian reservations from coast to coast. (James, 2000) New Orleans was now building what promoters tout as the worlds largest casino, while the mayors of Chicago, Philadelphia, and other big communities enthusiastically embrace gambling proposals. (James, 2000) Casino companies often enjoy economic advantages that are available to few other businesses. Since they are usually granted exclusive government franchises, they are able to generate short-term profits on a scale that proprietors of other businesses can only dream about. (James, 2000) Earnings of five to eight percent of revenues are the norm for most American businesses. In the gambling industry, however, yearly profits between 30 and 50 percent are not unusual. It is not extraordinary for companies to be able to pay off their total investments in one or two years. One Illinois riverboat company reportedly tripled the return on its investment in just six months. (Laurence Armand French; 2000) More and more Americans are being persuaded to try their luck. According to casino industry sources, the number of American households in which at least one member visited a casino doubled between 1990 and 93 from 46 million to 92 million. More than three-quarters of this upsurge was the result of community people visiting casinos outside Nevada and Atlantic City. (James, 2000) In 1994, gambling industry leaders and other business observers were predicting even more spectacular growth. By the year 2000, said Phil Satre, president of Harrahs Casinos, one of the worlds largest casino companies, 95 percent of all Americans will most likely live in a state with legal casino entertainment. (James, 2000) A Large Business Since the governor signed Fort McDowells compact, the tribe has expanded twice, more than tripling the casinos size. Completed in 1994, this is the building that stands today. Now it has 475 slot machines, more than 70 poker tables and a 300-seat restaurant. As Fort McDowell has grown bigger, so has its purchasing power. Businesses come to the reservation now, seeking contracts for everything from the satin jackets sold in the gift shop to office furniture and bingo cards. They visit us just like they would a factory outlet center, says Nunez. The casino has become one of the areas largest businesses, employing 1,300 workers, most of whom commute from nearby cities like Phoenix, Mesa, Fountain Hills, Scottsdale and others. It takes a mix of talent to run a casino: everything from skilled accountants, managers, slot technicians and poker dealers to minimum-wage food servers and money changers. Many people think that Americans/Canadians enjoy gambling, that the gaming industry brings new jobs and money with them when they come to a community. Government sees it as an important source of revenue. Moreover the funds and support that gambling business provides for monetary sector especially for education is significant. In my opinion, our society should be more open to the expansion of gambling that will benefit the whole community. The devastating Hurricane Katrina, which squashed New Orleans, may hit the business and revenues generated by the Casinos operating in the region. End Notes 1. Thomas Barker, Marjie Britz; 2000, Jokers Wild: Legalized Gambling in the Twenty-First Century Praeger Publishers, 2000 2. Ambrose I. Lane, Esteban E. Torres, Terry L. Pechota; 1995, Return of the Buffalo: The Story behind Americas Indian Gaming Explosion Bergin Garvey, 1995 3. Laurence Armand French; 2000, Addictions and Native Americans Praeger Publishers, 2000 4. Gambling with Our Future? The Costs and Benefits of Legalized, March 5, 2004, 5. http://collection. nlc-bnc. ca/100/200/300/fraser/fraser_institute_digital/gambling_with/gamblingwithourfuture. pdf 6. Scheherazade Daneshkhu et al. , Online Betting Operator Jailed: Internet Gambling Decision Could Slow Growing Business, FIN. TIMES, Aug. 11, 2000 7. James W. Prado Roberts, Jail Unlikely to Slow Cyber-Gambling, ASBURY PARK PRESS, Aug. 13, 2000 8. Michael D. Cox, The Indian Gaming Regulatory Act: An Overview, 7 ST. THOMAS L. REV. 769, 770 (1995). 9. Indian Reservations and the New Mexico Economy: Monograph 2: Tourism, April 6, 2004, 10. http://www. sandiapueblo. nsn. us/sandia/gaming/car_tourism. html Works Cited Ambrose I. Lane, Esteban E. Torres, Terry L. Pechota; 1995, Return of the Buffalo: The Story behind Americas Indian Gaming Explosion Bergin Garvey, 1995 Gambling with Our Future? The Costs and Benefits of Legalized, March 5, 2004. Accessed, November 30, 2005, from: http://www. sandiapueblo. nsn. us/sandia/gaming/car_tourism. html Indian Reservations and the New Mexico Economy: Monograph 2: Tourism, April 6, 2004. James W. Prado Roberts, Jail Unlikely to Slow Cyber-Gambling, ASBURY PARK PRESS, Aug. 13, 2000 Laurence Armand French; 2000, Addictions and Native Americans Praeger Publishers, 2000 Michael D. Cox, The Indian Gaming Regulatory Act: An Overview, 7 ST. THOMAS L. REV. 769, 770 (1995). Scheherazade Daneshkhu et al. , Online Betting Operator Jailed: Internet Gambling Decision Could Slow Growing Business, FIN. TIMES, Aug. 11, 2000 Thomas Barker, Marjie Britz; 2000, Jokers Wild: Legalized Gambling in the Twenty-First Century Praeger Publishers, 2000.

Longing to Escape Essays -- Essays Papers

Longing to Escape When adversity stares people in the face, do they run away from it, or do they have the willpower to fight it head on? James Joyce, the author of Dubliners, at the young age of twenty-three, was able to take note of the struggles and hardships of the Irish people at a time when their once prosperous Dublin city was in retrograde. He took all the emotions and angers that his people had during this period in time, and summed it up into fifteen short stories. Throughout these stories Joyce places his characters into situations that leave them in constant states of dishevelment and agony. Some characters run away from and are left defeated by these situations and responsibilities, while other characters are depicted as being strong and confront and handle their crises. â€Å"The Boarding House† and â€Å"The Dead† are two stories in particular, where the characters find themselves longing to escape not only from Dublin society, but also from the obligations that they have in Dublin. Joyce uses the idea of marriage as a tug-of-war between escape and responsibility. In â€Å"The Boarding House,† Mr. Doran, a man of around thirty-five years old finds himself in a conflict over deciding what he should do about the ultimatum from Mrs. Mooney about the affair he has with Polly. He knew â€Å"the harm was done,† but â€Å"what could he do now but marry her or run away?† (61) Mr. Doran’s wild, irresponsible ways with women, that he tries to escape as a youth is resurfacing in his older days. Joyce uses this irresponsible act of Mr. Doran to help Mrs. Mooney lure him into her daughter’s marriage trap. He knows he is only part of the blame for this occurrence and â€Å"had a notion he was being had† (6... ...ng house to end the obligation he has of marrying Polly. No matter where a person lives or who that person may be; whether certain fictional characters of â€Å"The Dead,† and â€Å"The Boarding House,† or real life people, everybody at some point in their lives want to break loose from the duties that are holding them down. Works Cited Joyce, James. â€Å"The Boarding House.† Dubliners. New York: Penguin Books, 1993. 56-64. Kelly, Joseph. â€Å"Joyce’s Marriage Cycle.† Studies in Short Fiction 32.3 (1995): 374. Academic Search Premier. EBSCOhost. University of Dayton. Roesch Library. 24 Feb. 2004. http://www.epnet.com Paige, Linda Rohrer. â€Å"James Joyce’s Colored Portraits of a ‘Mother’ in Dubliners.† Studies in Short Fiction 32.3 (1995): 335. Academic Search Premier. EBSCOhost. University of Dayton. Roesch Library. 24 Feb. 2004. http://www.epnet.com.