Free Essays on Effect Of Heredity And Environment

Effects of Heredity and Environment on individual Differences Most psychologists acknowledge that both heredity and environment are influential; the argument is over which factor is predominant The nature-nurture issue first became a controversy in the 1920's and the 1930's. Some psychologists felt that heredity was the primary, if not the sole, factor in the development of an individual. Others felt environment was the critical determining factor. As we saw in Unit One, this controversy is still unresolved. Still, most psychologists agree that some degree of interaction between heredity (nature) and environment (nurture) determines both physical and psychological development. In this module we will consider the relation of both factors to intelligence and behavior disorder. As you read the text, consider the following questions. Has heredity or environment made the greater contribution to your development? Are there any upper or lower limits of intellectual achievement? What research methods are used in heredity-environment studies? The interaction between heredity and environment can be studied by investigating families and persons who are related in various ways. Hereditary similarity is relatively well understood. A parent and child, for example, have 50% of their genes in common, but among siblings this may vary from 0 to 100% due to the random distribution of chromosomes. Identical twins have the same heredity; 100% of their chromosomes are alike. Environmental differences cannot be stated in such concrete terms. No two persons experience an identical environment. Very similar environments are usually experienced by same-sexed twins, whether identical or fraternal. Different-sexed twins, siblings, and parents all experience somewhat different environments, although these environments may be superficially similar. Occasionally, identical twins are reared apart. Then we have two people with identical here... Free Essays on Effect Of Heredity And Environment Free Essays on Effect Of Heredity And Environment Effects of Heredity and Environment on individual Differences Most psychologists acknowledge that both heredity and environment are influential; the argument is over which factor is predominant The nature-nurture issue first became a controversy in the 1920's and the 1930's. Some psychologists felt that heredity was the primary, if not the sole, factor in the development of an individual. Others felt environment was the critical determining factor. As we saw in Unit One, this controversy is still unresolved. Still, most psychologists agree that some degree of interaction between heredity (nature) and environment (nurture) determines both physical and psychological development. In this module we will consider the relation of both factors to intelligence and behavior disorder. As you read the text, consider the following questions. Has heredity or environment made the greater contribution to your development? Are there any upper or lower limits of intellectual achievement? What research methods are used in heredity-environment studies? The interaction between heredity and environment can be studied by investigating families and persons who are related in various ways. Hereditary similarity is relatively well understood. A parent and child, for example, have 50% of their genes in common, but among siblings this may vary from 0 to 100% due to the random distribution of chromosomes. Identical twins have the same heredity; 100% of their chromosomes are alike. Environmental differences cannot be stated in such concrete terms. No two persons experience an identical environment. Very similar environments are usually experienced by same-sexed twins, whether identical or fraternal. Different-sexed twins, siblings, and parents all experience somewhat different environments, although these environments may be superficially similar. Occasionally, identical twins are reared apart. Then we have two people with identical here...

State with reasons the aims which you consider are relevant for Essay

State with reasons the aims which you consider are relevant for present day education. What social factors are likely to influence learners' achievements of these aims - Essay Example The various aims could be identified and compartmentalized under the following heads: 1. Development of cognitive skills: When a child grows up into an adolescent and later on into an adult, it has to be gradually trained to observe and understand various things, principles and aspects of life. The environment teaches many things but if the learner is not properly trained to understand things in the proper perspective, then s/he is likely to misunderstand many principles which ultimately may have an adverse impact on the entire life. It is here that education steps in and assumes a responsible role of helping the learner to observe and understand things in the proper perspective. Under Instructional objectives in any learning exercise the " cognitive objectives assume primary significance and these comprise, i. Knowledge ii. Comprehension iii. Application iv. Analysis v. Synthesis and vi. Evaluation "2 ( Rashid,M 1999) The main perceptive skills of seeing, hearing, and feeling have to be gradually developed to a mature level of understanding to make the learner's jud gment faultless and worthwhile. The various subjects he studies at school, the various exercises he is put under and the instructions given by his teachers greatly help to hone the understanding skills. This helps him to perceive different stimuli properly and assimilate their import properly in his memory file, and for later reference and judgment. The periodical tests and examinations aim at evaluating how well the learner has been developing his cognitive skills so as to understand the issues involved in various problems and come up with acceptable, if not entirely ideal, solutions. If this aim of education is achieved, full credit can be given to such an education and the educators. 2. Development of analytical skills: At every point in a grown-up individual's life, whether he is an adolescent or an adult, he or she is called upon to take decisions on various issues, affecting their lives as well as those of others. Unless he takes the right decisions, his further actions cannot be expected to bear favourable results. More often than not, problems crop up in different places, mainly because some of the concerned individuals are not able to analyse problems correctly, with the result, they take wrong decisions which have an adverse impact on all persons concerned. This can be avoided only if all the persons associated with a problem have a fairly good ability to analyze things in the proper perspective and arrive at a reasonably good decisions. This is possible only when the education they had received had equipped them with proper skills to study things with patience and concentration so that they don't commit any error in understanding the issues involved. Obje ctive analytical skills is based mainly on one's ability to take in things as they are and start asking relevant questions which are likely to bring out more information concerning the issues. This way a proper understanding of the entire problem is ensured. Understanding paves the way for solutions in many problems. This is what education trains in individuals when it coaches the students with a variety of mathematical and scientific problems, which form the training ground for developing the problem solving skills to

Effects of Platelet-rich Plasma Injections Thesis

Effects of Platelet-rich Plasma Injections - Thesis Example History of Injury Most of the patients had missed at least one game or practice within the last year due to an elbow injury (93.8%) with only one individual making all their games and practices (Table 2). In addition the majority of patients reported diagnosis of a UCL injury, although four (25%) had been given no diagnosis. The diagnoses included tear to the UCL (83.3%), partial UCL tear (8.3%), stress fracture (8.3%) and torn flexor tendon (25%). Many individuals were diagnosed with multiple types of injuries; hence the percentages indicate what percentage of diagnosed patients had a particular type of injury. Treatments that had been taken for the injury varied across rest, therapy, steroid injection, PRP or surgery. All patients had been given PRP injections, as this was a criterion for inclusion in the study. In addition, each patient had used at least one other method, with one patient using all five types, and eight patients (50%) using all but steroid injection as a method of treatment. Rest and therapy were the most popular treatments aside from PRP, with 14 patients (87.5%) using rest as a method of treatment, and 15 (93.7%) reporting use of therapy. Surgery was also popular, with ten patients (62.5%) reporting using surgery as a treatment for their UCL injury. Most patients had a single PRP injection, with only one patient having two and one having three. Time from the PRP injection to first picking up a baseball to throw ranged from two weeks to 16, with an average of 7.3 weeks. Patients were asked to give level of pain on a scale of 0-10 both before the PRP injection and the first time they picked up the baseball to pitch following the injection. The average score before the injection was 3.6, while afterwards it was 6.6. A total of 11 patients (68.8%) reported decrease in pain between before the PRP injection, and the first time they picked up the ball afterwards, four (25%) reported an increase in pain, while one did not give a pain level for after PRP injection. The result for the individual that did not give a pain level can be disregarded for this calculation, making the total proportion of patients that reported a decrease in pain to be 73.3%, and the proportion that reported an increase in pain to be 26.7%. There was some correlat ion between level of pain and weeks recovery time, but not in all cases (Figure 1). Figure 1: This graph shows the level of reported pain per patient compared with the number of weeks of recovery before they picked up the ball to pitch. Reported complications were relatively low, with only three patients (18.8%) reporting a long term increase in pain following the treatment, one (6.25%) reporting tingling or numbness, one (6.25%) reporting increased pressure and tightness, and four (25%) reporting decreased mobility in their elbow. Satisfaction with the PRP treatment was given on a scale of 0 to ten, with an average of 6.8. However, the average does not give the true picture, as responses were dichotomous, with most patients being either highly happy

Legalized gambling Essay Example for Free

Legalized gambling Essay The Economic Impacts of Legalized Gambling Introduction The effect of gambling on the standard of living will be pronounced if the gambling activity is regressive, meaning that the rate of participation (as a percentage of income) declines as people earn higher incomes. In other words, if most gamblers are poor, then gambling is more likely to affect the standard of living among the poor. One study showed many forms of gambling to be regressive. Impact on Surrounding Communities Much of the economic research investigating the ancillary economic benefits of casinos has focused on riverboat casinos. Riverboat casinos are a uniquely American establishment. They began operating in Iowa in 1991 and quickly expanded throughout the Midwest. By 1998, over 40 riverboat casinos were in operation in Illinois, Indiana, Missouri, and Iowa. 2 Nearly 50 riverboat and dockside casinos were in Louisiana and Mississippi (NGISC, 1999). There does not appear to be empirical evidence of economic growth as a result of the expansion of riverboat casinos. In terms of generating local tourism, riverboats seem to have been most successful in places such as Galena, Illinois, where the tourism industry was already established. Case studies suggest that the bulk of patrons of riverboat casinos are day-trippers who spend virtually no time at local non-gambling establishments (NGISC, 1999). There, thus, appear to be few, if any, positive economic spillovers to the local hotel or restaurant industry. In support of the cannibalization hypothesis, Siegel and Anders (1999) provide empirical evidence that riverboat gambling in Missouri led to a displacement of revenue from industries that constitute substitutes for gaming activity, such as entertainment and recreation services. 3 Evans and Topoleski (2002) conduct a rigorous examination of the economic and monetary impacts of Indian casinos for both Indian tribes themselves and surrounding communities. Impact on Native American Tribes An explicit goal of the IGRA was to promote tribal economic development, self-sufficiency, and strong tribal governments. Tribes frequently refer to casinos as the new buffalo, meaning the new source of economic sustenance for their communities. The tribes point to repaired infrastructure; diversifying economies; rising employment; augmented health, housing, education, and monetary budgets; greater indigenous language retention; and generally renewed community vitality (Taylor, Krepps, and Wang, 2000). Evans and Topoleski (2002) find that four years after tribes open casinos, tribal population is up by 12 percent and tribal employment has increased by 26 percent, resulting in an increase in tribal employment-to-population ratios of five percentage points (12 percent). Because the current program seems to be generating jobs does not necessarily mean that granting reservations a monopoly in a particular industry is a desirable policy. 9 Impact on Public Revenue Casino businesses are subject to taxation and, therefore, have a direct impact on public revenue. Maximum tax rates on gross gaming revenues in American casinos range from 6. 25 percent in Nevada to 35 percent in Illinois. Taxes on casinos are not an important source of public sector revenues for most states in the United States; only Nevada is heavily dependent on tax revenue from casino gaming. Non-Indian casinos paid over two billion dollars in taxes to states on gaming revenues in 1997, compared to state lottery revenues of approximately ten billion dollars in the same year (Eadington, 1999, p. 187). By law, states cannot tax the profits of tribal businesses. But in some states (e. g. , Connecticut, Michigan, Wisconsin, California, and New Mexico), tribes have agreed to make annual payments to state governments. These fees are typically payments for the monopoly rights the state have granted the tribe to provide certain forms of gambling. In 2003, tribes contributed over $759 million to state and local governments via various forms of revenue-sharing (Meister, 2004, p. 1). Table 2 lists tribal contributions to state and local governments by state. As shown, there is tremendous variability across states. The two tribes that operate Mohegan Sun and Foxwoods in Connecticut alone account for over half of these payments. 10 Casinos might indirectly affect public revenue as well. Insofar as casinos generate additional business income, they might indirectly increase other forms of tax revenue. Insofar as they cannibalize sales from other businesses, they might decrease net tax revenue. Anders, Siegel, and Yacoub (1998) find that as a result of the introduction of two Indian casinos into Maricopa County, Arizona in 1993, employment and retail sales in the restaurant and bar sectors declined. Popp and Stehwien (2002) estimate a similar model to examine the effect of New Mexicos 11 Indian casinos on gross state tax receipts using quarterly data from 1990 to 1997. They also find a negative effect of Indian casinos on state sales tax revenuesthe introduction of a single Indian casino is found to be associated with a one percent decrease in county tax revenues, but the introduction of a second Indian casino in the county if found to reduce sales tax revenue by more than six percent. While suggestive, these analyses are limited in scope and their results do not necessarily generalize to the experiences of other states. Additional research on the link between casino gambling and state sales tax revenue is warranted. Casinos could also cannibalize sales from state lottery operations. Three studies offer evidence suggesting that they do. Siegel and Anders (2001) investigate the relationship between Indian casinos and state lottery revenue in Arizona. The authors empirical analysis finds that a ten percent increase in the number of slot machines is associated with a 2. 8 percent decline in lottery sales. Elliott and Navin (2002) examine the impact that the introduction of riverboat casinos between 1989 to 1995 has on state lottery sales. They find that riverboat gambling expenditures have a negative and statistically significant impact on state lottery revenues. Fink and Rork (2003) build on this work by examining data on 48 states from 1988 to 2000 and using actual tax receipts from all forms of commercial casinos. Also, like Elliott and Navin (2002), the authors perform a Heckman two-step selection correction, but in the first stage, the authors model the adoption of a commercial casino, rather than the adoption of a state lottery. Their analysis finds a strong cannibalization of state net lottery revenue by commercial casino tax revenue. Specifically, they find that an increase of one dollar in commercial casino revenues reduces net lottery revenues by $0. 56. Economic Impacts on States Casinos are good business, say their proponents. Case studies show that legal casino gaming can increase tourism, employment, sales of noncasino goods, and tax revenues. In Nevada, gaming employs 211,000, or 24. 41 percent of the workforce. Direct annual state gaming taxes total over $500 million, or more than 42 percent of the state budget. In contrast, the cost to regulate the gaming industry was less than $21 million. Las Vegas alone attracts thirty million visitors annually. New Jersey, the second state since 1931 to legalize casino gaming, also realizes significant revenues. In 1996, total direct tax revenues were over $232 million. Since casino gamblings inception, the state has realized $3 billion in direct taxes and millions more in property and luxury taxes. Gaming has resulted in 91,600 direct and indirect jobs, and community reinvestment money from casinos has totaled about $500 million. In South Dakota, the government predicted that it would generate $1 million in tax revenues in the first year of operation. From November 1989 to August 31. 1990, the City of Deadwood alone received more than $4. 3 million in taxes. Taxable sales increased 41 percent in the first year of operation. Tourism increased 300 percent. In this formerly depressed area, the casinos created more jobs than there are residents. Consequently, some workers must commute from surrounding communities. Perhaps the greatest beneficiaries of casinos have been some Native American tribes. While previously plagued by high unemployment, poor medical care, poor infrastructure, and other problems, many reservations now enjoy employment, job training, new schools, new hospitals, and college scholarships, all provided by casino gambling. Some tribes have wisely invested their revenues in new businesses that are not casino-related to provide diversity and a new economic base. Effects of Gambling on Local Economies Gambling has expanded at all levels and has even brought a rise in attendance at church bingo games. The new gambling outlets were impressive for their variety: electronic slot machines in rural South Dakota bars; imitation Wild West casinos in old Colorado mining towns; riverboats along the Mississippi River, from the distressed industrial communities of Iowa to the Gulf of Mexico; and gambling establishments on Indian reservations from coast to coast. (James, 2000) New Orleans was now building what promoters tout as the worlds largest casino, while the mayors of Chicago, Philadelphia, and other big communities enthusiastically embrace gambling proposals. (James, 2000) Casino companies often enjoy economic advantages that are available to few other businesses. Since they are usually granted exclusive government franchises, they are able to generate short-term profits on a scale that proprietors of other businesses can only dream about. (James, 2000) Earnings of five to eight percent of revenues are the norm for most American businesses. In the gambling industry, however, yearly profits between 30 and 50 percent are not unusual. It is not extraordinary for companies to be able to pay off their total investments in one or two years. One Illinois riverboat company reportedly tripled the return on its investment in just six months. (Laurence Armand French; 2000) More and more Americans are being persuaded to try their luck. According to casino industry sources, the number of American households in which at least one member visited a casino doubled between 1990 and 93 from 46 million to 92 million. More than three-quarters of this upsurge was the result of community people visiting casinos outside Nevada and Atlantic City. (James, 2000) In 1994, gambling industry leaders and other business observers were predicting even more spectacular growth. By the year 2000, said Phil Satre, president of Harrahs Casinos, one of the worlds largest casino companies, 95 percent of all Americans will most likely live in a state with legal casino entertainment. (James, 2000) A Large Business Since the governor signed Fort McDowells compact, the tribe has expanded twice, more than tripling the casinos size. Completed in 1994, this is the building that stands today. Now it has 475 slot machines, more than 70 poker tables and a 300-seat restaurant. As Fort McDowell has grown bigger, so has its purchasing power. Businesses come to the reservation now, seeking contracts for everything from the satin jackets sold in the gift shop to office furniture and bingo cards. They visit us just like they would a factory outlet center, says Nunez. The casino has become one of the areas largest businesses, employing 1,300 workers, most of whom commute from nearby cities like Phoenix, Mesa, Fountain Hills, Scottsdale and others. It takes a mix of talent to run a casino: everything from skilled accountants, managers, slot technicians and poker dealers to minimum-wage food servers and money changers. Many people think that Americans/Canadians enjoy gambling, that the gaming industry brings new jobs and money with them when they come to a community. Government sees it as an important source of revenue. Moreover the funds and support that gambling business provides for monetary sector especially for education is significant. In my opinion, our society should be more open to the expansion of gambling that will benefit the whole community. The devastating Hurricane Katrina, which squashed New Orleans, may hit the business and revenues generated by the Casinos operating in the region. End Notes 1. Thomas Barker, Marjie Britz; 2000, Jokers Wild: Legalized Gambling in the Twenty-First Century Praeger Publishers, 2000 2. Ambrose I. Lane, Esteban E. Torres, Terry L. Pechota; 1995, Return of the Buffalo: The Story behind Americas Indian Gaming Explosion Bergin Garvey, 1995 3. Laurence Armand French; 2000, Addictions and Native Americans Praeger Publishers, 2000 4. Gambling with Our Future? The Costs and Benefits of Legalized, March 5, 2004, 5. http://collection. nlc-bnc. ca/100/200/300/fraser/fraser_institute_digital/gambling_with/gamblingwithourfuture. pdf 6. Scheherazade Daneshkhu et al. , Online Betting Operator Jailed: Internet Gambling Decision Could Slow Growing Business, FIN. TIMES, Aug. 11, 2000 7. James W. Prado Roberts, Jail Unlikely to Slow Cyber-Gambling, ASBURY PARK PRESS, Aug. 13, 2000 8. Michael D. Cox, The Indian Gaming Regulatory Act: An Overview, 7 ST. THOMAS L. REV. 769, 770 (1995). 9. Indian Reservations and the New Mexico Economy: Monograph 2: Tourism, April 6, 2004, 10. http://www. sandiapueblo. nsn. us/sandia/gaming/car_tourism. html Works Cited Ambrose I. Lane, Esteban E. Torres, Terry L. Pechota; 1995, Return of the Buffalo: The Story behind Americas Indian Gaming Explosion Bergin Garvey, 1995 Gambling with Our Future? The Costs and Benefits of Legalized, March 5, 2004. Accessed, November 30, 2005, from: http://www. sandiapueblo. nsn. us/sandia/gaming/car_tourism. html Indian Reservations and the New Mexico Economy: Monograph 2: Tourism, April 6, 2004. James W. Prado Roberts, Jail Unlikely to Slow Cyber-Gambling, ASBURY PARK PRESS, Aug. 13, 2000 Laurence Armand French; 2000, Addictions and Native Americans Praeger Publishers, 2000 Michael D. Cox, The Indian Gaming Regulatory Act: An Overview, 7 ST. THOMAS L. REV. 769, 770 (1995). Scheherazade Daneshkhu et al. , Online Betting Operator Jailed: Internet Gambling Decision Could Slow Growing Business, FIN. TIMES, Aug. 11, 2000 Thomas Barker, Marjie Britz; 2000, Jokers Wild: Legalized Gambling in the Twenty-First Century Praeger Publishers, 2000.

Longing to Escape Essays -- Essays Papers

Longing to Escape When adversity stares people in the face, do they run away from it, or do they have the willpower to fight it head on? James Joyce, the author of Dubliners, at the young age of twenty-three, was able to take note of the struggles and hardships of the Irish people at a time when their once prosperous Dublin city was in retrograde. He took all the emotions and angers that his people had during this period in time, and summed it up into fifteen short stories. Throughout these stories Joyce places his characters into situations that leave them in constant states of dishevelment and agony. Some characters run away from and are left defeated by these situations and responsibilities, while other characters are depicted as being strong and confront and handle their crises. â€Å"The Boarding House† and â€Å"The Dead† are two stories in particular, where the characters find themselves longing to escape not only from Dublin society, but also from the obligations that they have in Dublin. Joyce uses the idea of marriage as a tug-of-war between escape and responsibility. In â€Å"The Boarding House,† Mr. Doran, a man of around thirty-five years old finds himself in a conflict over deciding what he should do about the ultimatum from Mrs. Mooney about the affair he has with Polly. He knew â€Å"the harm was done,† but â€Å"what could he do now but marry her or run away?† (61) Mr. Doran’s wild, irresponsible ways with women, that he tries to escape as a youth is resurfacing in his older days. Joyce uses this irresponsible act of Mr. Doran to help Mrs. Mooney lure him into her daughter’s marriage trap. He knows he is only part of the blame for this occurrence and â€Å"had a notion he was being had† (6... ...ng house to end the obligation he has of marrying Polly. No matter where a person lives or who that person may be; whether certain fictional characters of â€Å"The Dead,† and â€Å"The Boarding House,† or real life people, everybody at some point in their lives want to break loose from the duties that are holding them down. Works Cited Joyce, James. â€Å"The Boarding House.† Dubliners. New York: Penguin Books, 1993. 56-64. Kelly, Joseph. â€Å"Joyce’s Marriage Cycle.† Studies in Short Fiction 32.3 (1995): 374. Academic Search Premier. EBSCOhost. University of Dayton. Roesch Library. 24 Feb. 2004. http://www.epnet.com Paige, Linda Rohrer. â€Å"James Joyce’s Colored Portraits of a ‘Mother’ in Dubliners.† Studies in Short Fiction 32.3 (1995): 335. Academic Search Premier. EBSCOhost. University of Dayton. Roesch Library. 24 Feb. 2004. http://www.epnet.com.

Eve Teasing

Eve Teasing: Law of the Land Now a day we often see the scenarios of eve teasing on the daily. It is being spread out from country side to country side day by day and it is being introduced to the new generation as regards eve teasing on and on. We see a statistics compiled by Bangladesh Women Council of last 10 months 3908 women have been oppressed and harassed in various ways. Of which, suicide case was 300. In addition, most all of these suicide events are involved with eve teasing. At present, school, college, university going girls are often being hunted of eve teasing on the street.It is to say, hunting of eve teasing of a girl is so general visible, just in its opposition the visible of penalty of eve teaser is rare. Learner or not learner such woman as well take mentally preparation before going out from their room for this that she would be teased on the path with slung languages or bad attitudes by vagabonds. ‘Eve teasing’ on the street is one such reflection o f the inner beast in men, women are subjected to this social evil irrespective what background they are from. The lexically meaning of teasing is to make fun of a person playfully or annoyingly.It is a euphemism used in the sub continent for sexual harassment or modesty of women by men, with eve being a reference to the biblical Eve. Namely, staying hither and thither or turning point of college going path, to make tease known or unknown girl, or make tone, comment or display abetment or throw slang language or attempt to capture photography by mobile phone etc is called eve teasing, which includes a small sexual harassment or rape. If there is no parent or guardian with any woman who will be hunted of eve teasing, we can say that definitely. Now think a bit, we can give hundred percent surety concerning eve teasing.But can we give one percent as to any positive deed? All suicides caused by eve teasing do not come to light on the news paper. In addition to last some years, Trisha, R umi, shimi, Sadia, Toshi such many unknown mothers-sisters have departed from this beau world. Question is here-why did they give their lives? Did they have no right to protest, move freely and live fairly? Definitely, they had said rights as per Article-11, 32 and 36 of Bangladesh Constitution which denote as fundamental rights to live in the society free and fairly. Think a bit, they are very our mothers-sister who are being hunted of eve teasing.Still today our mothers-sisters are being harassed throughout road, school, college, university even office-court and they are forbearing silently. But Allah says in the Holy Quran- Man is the protector of the Woman. The question is that, why do they keep silent. The answer is that, they have no might and no body to stand beside them. Nevertheless some so-called reformists talk concerning women’s rights. Here there is apprehension that they who talk regarding woman’s rights, infringe at first from their family. In the name o f woman’s rights or modern era they would like to bring out the on road and set up the western culture in this country.Someone claim that Islam dishonors woman and treat her as inferior and they have no equal position in society like man. Actually we are accustomed to make comment with such objection about woman’s position in Islam. Still Islam restrains and Islam gives her proper position in society and honors him having high respect as mother. Allah says â€Å" And their Lord has accepted (their prayer) and answered them(saying); â€Å"Never will I cause to be lost the work of any of you, be he male or female; you are members, one of another.. (3:105)†. Eve Teasing Eve Teasing: Law of the Land Now a day we often see the scenarios of eve teasing on the daily. It is being spread out from country side to country side day by day and it is being introduced to the new generation as regards eve teasing on and on. We see a statistics compiled by Bangladesh Women Council of last 10 months 3908 women have been oppressed and harassed in various ways. Of which, suicide case was 300. In addition, most all of these suicide events are involved with eve teasing. At present, school, college, university going girls are often being hunted of eve teasing on the street.It is to say, hunting of eve teasing of a girl is so general visible, just in its opposition the visible of penalty of eve teaser is rare. Learner or not learner such woman as well take mentally preparation before going out from their room for this that she would be teased on the path with slung languages or bad attitudes by vagabonds. ‘Eve teasing’ on the street is one such reflection o f the inner beast in men, women are subjected to this social evil irrespective what background they are from. The lexically meaning of teasing is to make fun of a person playfully or annoyingly.It is a euphemism used in the sub continent for sexual harassment or modesty of women by men, with eve being a reference to the biblical Eve. Namely, staying hither and thither or turning point of college going path, to make tease known or unknown girl, or make tone, comment or display abetment or throw slang language or attempt to capture photography by mobile phone etc is called eve teasing, which includes a small sexual harassment or rape. If there is no parent or guardian with any woman who will be hunted of eve teasing, we can say that definitely. Now think a bit, we can give hundred percent surety concerning eve teasing.But can we give one percent as to any positive deed? All suicides caused by eve teasing do not come to light on the news paper. In addition to last some years, Trisha, R umi, shimi, Sadia, Toshi such many unknown mothers-sisters have departed from this beau world. Question is here-why did they give their lives? Did they have no right to protest, move freely and live fairly? Definitely, they had said rights as per Article-11, 32 and 36 of Bangladesh Constitution which denote as fundamental rights to live in the society free and fairly. Think a bit, they are very our mothers-sister who are being hunted of eve teasing.Still today our mothers-sisters are being harassed throughout road, school, college, university even office-court and they are forbearing silently. But Allah says in the Holy Quran- Man is the protector of the Woman. The question is that, why do they keep silent. The answer is that, they have no might and no body to stand beside them. Nevertheless some so-called reformists talk concerning women’s rights. Here there is apprehension that they who talk regarding woman’s rights, infringe at first from their family. In the name o f woman’s rights or modern era they would like to bring out the on road and set up the western culture in this country.Someone claim that Islam dishonors woman and treat her as inferior and they have no equal position in society like man. Actually we are accustomed to make comment with such objection about woman’s position in Islam. Still Islam restrains and Islam gives her proper position in society and honors him having high respect as mother. Allah says â€Å" And their Lord has accepted (their prayer) and answered them(saying); â€Å"Never will I cause to be lost the work of any of you, be he male or female; you are members, one of another.. (3:105)†.

An Introduction to Brownian Motion

Brownian motion is the random movement of particles in a fluid due to their collisions with other atoms or molecules. Brownian motion is also known as pedesis, which comes from the Greek word for leaping. Even though a particle may be large compared to the size of atoms and molecules in the surrounding medium, it can be moved by the impact with many tiny, fast-moving masses. Brownian motion may be considered a macroscopic (visible) picture of a particle influenced by many microscopic random effects. Brownian motion takes its name from the Scottish botanist Robert Brown, who observed pollen grains moving randomly in water. He described the motion in 1827 but was unable to explain it. While pedesis takes its name from Brown, he was not the first person to describe it. The Roman poet Lucretius describes the motion of dust particles around the year 60 B.C., which he used as evidence of atoms. The transport phenomenon remained unexplained until 1905 when Albert Einstein published a paper that explained the pollen was being moved by the water molecules in the liquid. As with Lucretius, Einsteins  explanation served as indirect evidence of the existence of atoms and molecules. At the turn of the 20th century, the existence of such tiny units of matter was only a theory. In 1908, Jean Perrin experimentally verified Einsteins hypothesis, which earned Perrin the 1926 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on the discontinuous structure of matter. The mathematical description of Brownian motion is a relatively simple probability calculation, of importance not just in physics and chemistry, but also to describe other statistical phenomena. The first person to propose a mathematical model for Brownian motion was Thorvald N. Thiele in a paper on the least squares method that was published in 1880. A modern model is the Wiener process, named in honor of Norbert Wiener, who described the function of a continuous-time stochastic process. Brownian motion is considered a Gaussian process and a Markov process with continuous path occurring over continuous time. What Is Brownian Motion? Because the movements of atoms and molecules in a liquid and gas is random, over time, larger particles will disperse evenly throughout the medium. If there are two adjacent regions of matter and region A contains twice as many particles as region B, the probability that a particle will leave region A to enter region B is twice as high as the probability a particle will leave region B to enter A. Diffusion, the movement of particles from a region of higher to lower concentration, can be considered a macroscopic example of Brownian motion. Any factor that affects the movement of particles in a fluid impacts the rate of Brownian motion. For example, increased temperature, increased number of particles, small particle size, and low viscosity increase the rate of motion. Brownian Motion Examples Most examples of Brownian motion are transport processes that are affected by larger currents, yet also exhibit pedesis. Examples include: The motion of pollen grains on still waterMovement of dust motes in a room (although largely affected by air currents)Diffusion of pollutants in the airDiffusion of calcium through bonesMovement of holes of electrical charge in semiconductors Importance of Brownian Motion The initial importance of defining and describing Brownian motion was that it supported the modern atomic theory. Today, the mathematical models that describe Brownian motion are used in math, economics, engineering, physics, biology, chemistry, and a host of other disciplines. Brownian Motion Versus Motility It can be difficult to distinguish between a movement due to Brownian motion and movement due to other effects. In biology, for example, an observer needs to be able to tell whether a specimen is moving because it is motile (capable of movement on its own, perhaps due to cilia or flagella) or because it is subject to Brownian motion. Usually, its possible to differentiate between the processes because Brownian motion appears jerky, random, or like a vibration. True motility appears often as a path, or else the motion is twisting or turning in a specific direction. In microbiology, motility can be confirmed if a sample inoculated in a semisolid medium migrates away from a stab line. Source Jean Baptiste Perrin — Facts. NobelPrize.org, Nobel Media AB 2019, July 6, 2019.